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	<title>Laureen Zanotti &#187; Homepage</title>
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	<description>A blog about writing and art</description>
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		<title>The Beatrix Potter Backdrop Approach</title>
		<link>http://laureen.zanotti.name/the-beatrix-potter-backdrop-approach/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 27 May 2010 07:58:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Laureen</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Homepage]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Art]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Beatrix Potter]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Illustration]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Lately, I have been thinking about anthropomorphized animals, so I flipped through a coffee table book on Beatrix Potter. In Beatrix Potter. At Home in the Lake District, Susan Denyer juxtaposes Potter’s home in the Lake District in Northern England with her art. By doing so, it becomes clear that Denyer draws on the importance [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Lately, I have been thinking about anthropomorphized animals, so I flipped through a coffee table book on Beatrix Potter.<br />
In <em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Beatrix-Potter-Home-Lake-District/dp/0711223815/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&#038;s=books&#038;qid=1274950940&#038;sr=1-4">Beatrix Potter. At Home in the Lake District</a></em>,  Susan Denyer juxtaposes Potter’s home in the Lake District in Northern England with her art. By doing so, it becomes clear that Denyer draws on the importance of the backdrops in Potter’s illustrations, because parts of her home were integrated into her animal stories. Indeed, Potter, who was not only an accomplished illustrator, but also a very talented painter with an incredible eye for detail, produced various sketches of places in and around her house.<br />
I think it was this preciseness, this holistic approach Potter seemed to have taken when sketching that makes her book illustrations so…high in quality, so…credible. Having never been to the Lake District, I have complete faith in Potter’s renderings of this area and, especially of her house; nothing looks like it has been made up. That Potter chose to use a dollhouse as the model for <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rPhpK6IAG0" rel="shadowbox[sbpost-392];player=swf;width=640;height=385;">The Tale of Two Bad Mice</a> (77), does not taint this idea of realness, since the dollhouse existed.<br />
What fascinates me most about her illustrations is that all the animals look so integrated in their respective surroundings that, if one would imagine people in their places, the scenes would still make perfect sense. This, I think, is due to the instance that Potter’s animals lead human lives: they knit, hold umbrellas when promenading, comb their hair, erm, fur. But most importantly, they appear to lead human lives in a “genuine” human environment. </p>
<p>Creating interesting characters is one thing, but integrating them in any particular surrounding can be very challenging because the character needs to be in proportion with the setting. (Provided that the illustrator wants this). Thus, Potter’s approach to depict familiar settings (house, garden, etc) might make this process easier and more effective. </p>
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		<item>
		<title>Code-Switching</title>
		<link>http://laureen.zanotti.name/code-switching/</link>
		<comments>http://laureen.zanotti.name/code-switching/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 05 Jun 2009 07:06:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Laureen</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[English]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Homepage]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Linguistics]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[The paper, “Code-Switching Among English and Swiss-German Speaking Couples” is a proposal for a hypothetical research project in linguistics, and it was a collaboration between Azra von Niederhäusern-Hodzic and me. We worked on the premise that native speakers of both languages will eventually code-switch during a conversation, no matter how consistently they try to stick to one language.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>“Code-Switching Among English and Swiss-German Speaking Couples” by Azra von Niederhäusern-Hodzic and Laureen Zanotti</strong></p>
<p>The paper, “Code-Switching Among English and Swiss-German Speaking Couples” is a proposal for a hypothetical research project in linguistics, and it was a collaboration between Azra von Niederhäusern-Hodzic and me. We worked on the premise that native speakers of both languages will eventually code-switch during a conversation, no matter how consistently they try to stick to one language. We took the stance that there are certain words in English and Swiss German which are more prone to be subject to code-switching than others. To be more precise, we proposed that the English word ‘cozy’ and the German word ‘Treffpunkt’ do not have a satisfying equivalent in the other language.</p>
<p><a class="pdf" href="http://laureen.zanotti.name/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/code_switching.pdf">Read the paper</a></p>
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		<title>What Makes a Yuppie?</title>
		<link>http://laureen.zanotti.name/what-makes-a-yuppie/</link>
		<comments>http://laureen.zanotti.name/what-makes-a-yuppie/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 02 May 2009 06:21:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Laureen</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[English]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Homepage]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Literature]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[How is the yuppie in Bret Easton Ellis' American Psycho portrayed? Does s/he need to look a certain way, in order to be part of an unanimously approved group identity? What is the yuppie's consumer behavior - and what is his or her stance on love and moral values? It is not easy to break down stereotypes, for there appears to be a very thin line between an exaggerated and a truthful depiction of a novel-yuppie.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Readers of 1980s and early 1990s novels such as Bret Easton Ellis’ <em>Less Than Zero, American Psycho,</em> or Jay McInerney’s<em> Bright Lights, Big City,</em> or <em>Story of My Life </em>are likely to discover that yuppiedom is a more or less prominent feature in all these works. This Bachelor’s thesis is devoted to the analysis of yuppiedom in Bret Easton Ellis’ <em>American Psycho. </em>(NB: Although my primary focus is a fictional work, the yuppie also figures in non-fiction, which will be cited later in this thesis). I shall discuss the typical yuppie-looks, for I argue that attire functions as an extension of the yuppie persona and that it is the first criteria which has to be met in order to convey to what sort of group the yuppie belongs. This idea leads to my second point, which is group identity. Group identity is intertwined with yuppie attire, as I argue that in the novel, yuppies function as a group and therefore need to fit in with a certain look. Yet, there is more to the yuppie than meets the eye. I shall extend my analysis by discussing the portrayal of yuppies and their habit of consuming luxury merchandise. The listing of luxury brands throughout the novel cannot be denied. Therefore, I see this attribute as an integral characteristic of the yuppie. In the last chapter of my thesis I discuss how the novel’s yuppies behave in close, personal relationships. I shall demonstrate that yuppies do<em> </em>tend towards conventional forms of relationships, i.e monogamous relationships and marriage.  However, it will be shown that these relationships are mere façades.</p>
<p><a class="pdf" href="http://laureen.zanotti.name/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/what_makes_a_yuppie.pdf">Read the Paper</a></p>
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		<title>The Duel in Chaucer&#8217;s ‘Knight&#8217;s Tale’</title>
		<link>http://laureen.zanotti.name/the-duel-in-chaucers-knights-tale/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Mar 2009 07:18:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Laureen</dc:creator>
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		<category><![CDATA[Medieval]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[1. Introduction In The Knight’s Tale , the two cousins Arcite and Palamon duel over Emelye’s hand in marriage. The concept of dueling is commonly portrayed in literary works as a means to resolve a quarrel between two men. In The Knight’s Tale the duel is depicted in much detail. To readers of medieval tales [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>1. Introduction</strong><br />
In <em>The Knight’s Tale</em> , the two cousins Arcite and Palamon duel over Emelye’s hand in marriage. The concept of dueling is commonly portrayed in literary works as a means to resolve a quarrel between two men. In <em>The Knight’s Tale</em> the duel is depicted in much detail. To readers of medieval tales such as Chaucer’s it may seem a perfectly common climax of a story that a close combat is described. It is perhaps a safe assumption that modern readers of Chaucer would be unaware of the complex rules and regulations of dueling in medieval times.<br />
In this paper I will make the claim that the duel between Arcite and Palamon does not follow, what seems to be, the proper etiquette, because it is disrupted by Theseus, Duke of Athens. One might assume that since it is a knight who tells the tale, he would know the rules and regulations of a proper duel, and therefore would make this clear in his story telling. I will argue that the termination of the duel in <em>The Knight’s Tale</em> is a means to draw attention to a kind of misbehavior on Arcite’s and Palamon’s part. For reasons that will be explained in this text, the function of Duke Theseus, who terminates the unruly duel, might serve as a means to inform the reader of a violation of the knightly code.  Therefore, this paper discusses the protocol of dueling in the Middle Ages in comparison to Chaucer’s <em>The Knight&#8217;s Tale</em>. </p>
<p><strong>2. Discussing <em>The Knight’s Tale</em> In Terms of Historic Accuracy</strong><br />
The concepts of dueling differ greatly between a medieval one and one, for instance, in the 18th century. In addition they differ even within the period we usually call the Middle Ages.  Inevitably, this paper will not offer a hermeneutic representation of the duel, as the focus in this paper is set solely in European late Middle Ages. The references to <em>The Knight’s Tale</em>, which are discussed in this section, serve as a means to draw attention to the issues that will be dealt with in more detail in the course of this text.<br />
Victor Gordon Kiernan has devoted an entire book to the subject of dueling in European History. In the chapter “Europe of the Knights” entitled in <em>The Duel In European History</em>, Kiernan refers to Marc Bloch and states that the Middle Ages lived under the sign of private vengeance and that individuals and their extended kinship regarded this as the most sacred duties.  Moreover, the Middle Ages were a feudalistic era and a system of man-to-man relationships.<br />
If one applies this notion to <em>The Knight’s Tale</em>, private vengeance does occur in a man-to-man relationship, namely in the one between the two cousins, Arcite and Palamon: They take vengeance on each other.<br />
Kiernan further states that Feuds between private families inevitably involved their vassals, kindred or retainers, which lead to private warfare. This instance was cherished as a feudal right, whenever honor and pride called for bloodshed.  It is noteworthy, that there was an alternative to unlicensed, unlimited scrimmaging, which took on the shape of a judicial combat, or a trial by battle. This can be traced back to Germanic custom.<br />
This notion does not directly apply to the case of Arcite and Palamon, for their feud is only between them, and thus does not concern any other members of their family. Yet, the two rivals are related and therefore, one could argue that the feud between two individuals is enough to call it a private warfare. On the other hand, there are two instances, which indicate that the battle between Arcite and Palamon does not comply with Kiernan’s points: Historically, there is such a thing as “unlicensed scrimmaging”. Therefore one has reason to believe that some form of combat was forbidden if there was no judge present at the scene. Secondly, in the case of <em>The Knight’s Tale</em>, where the first duel takes place, there is no judicial trial. (This will be discussed at a later point in this paper). So, according to Kiernan the unsupervised duel between Arcite and Palamon would be “unliscensed”.<br />
Kiernan states, that with the rising of judicial combat, rules were being codified, and resembled a ceremony.  Furthermore, it was not uncommon that representatives of the church and secular authorities were present when combats were carried out in public.<br />
This is only the case in the second, public duel in <em>The Knight’s Tale</em>: The combat is open to the public and Duke Theseus functions as the judge. However, there are no members of the church involved in the observation of the public battle. But one could argue that in the Knight’s Tale the Roman gods function as representatives of a higher power, which, in a way applies to Kiernan’s statement concerning church representatives.<br />
 With regard to the proceedings of a duel, they would often commence with the challenger throwing down a gauntlet. Kiernan notes that originally, it was the challenger who was to choose his weapons first. This procedure was later  reversed, leaving the other party the first choice.<br />
The reader will find that in <em>The Knight’s Tale</em>, it is Arcite who challenges and that Palamon is left with the choice of weapons. “And ches the beste, and leef the worste for me.” (1613). Therefore, this excerpt corresponds with the historic background.<br />
 <strong><br />
3. Analysis Of The Duel In <em>The Knight’s Tale</em> </strong><br />
3.1 Reasons For Dueling In <em>The Knight’s Tale</em><br />
According to Wolfgang Schild there are several reasons for dueling in the Middle Ages.  Factors that called for dueling were revenge or striving for rulership, over prey, recognition, to decide which party won the battle, legal disputes, or disputes per se, or to entertain an audience.<br />
In Chaucer’s <em>Knight’s Tale</em>, it is a female that is the primary reason for a duel between Arcite and Palamon. In retrospect, it is Palamon who sees Emelye first. Thus, Palamon sees it as his prerogative to have her in marriage and not his cousin, Arcite, who unfortunately happens to be in love with Emelye as well. To Palamon, it is an audacious act by Arcite to hold claim to a woman, who, in his view, is bespoken to him. His sole reason for holding this prior claim is based on the factor of who sees first. In contrast, Arcite feels that it is his prerogative to love any woman whom he pleases, and he objects to Palamon’s reasoning. To sum up, both men want to rule over a lady, which they both see as an object (it is as if Emelye were the pray in a hunting game). Lastly both men want to be recognized as the rightful suitor of Emelye. </p>
<p>3.2 Worthy Contenders &#8211; Arcite And Palamon Fulfill The Requirements Of Valid Duelists<br />
Until the tale reaches its first climax, that is, when Arcite and Palamon duel after their first encounter outside of the royal prison tower, subtle indications are given to the fulfillment of requirements, which have to be met in order to do perform a duel. Kiernan refers to the act of dueling as “a badge of rank” . Therefore, close attention should already be drawn to the lines 1017 to 1018, as they offer valuable information about Arcite and Palamon’s heritage, which is important for fulfilling the regulations of dueling.  “The heraudes knewe hem best in special [a]s they that weren of the blood roial […]” Not until the tale reaches the dueling scene, the aspect of “the blood roial” is the sole reason why Arcite and Palamon are not slain on the spot, but are kept as live battle trophies in the Duke’s tower. Yet, this royal heritage also meets the rules and regulations of a proper duel. If Arcite and Palamon were not equal in rank, they could not duel against each other. This is suggested in line 1608/9 with Arcite’s exclamation, [b]ut as muche thou art a worthy knyght, [a]nd wilnest to darreyne hire by bataille, […]”. Arcite acknowledges that Palamon is a “worthy” knight. By defining his opponent as worthy, Palamon seems to acknowledge equal rank as one of the elements, which make a duel valid.</p>
<p>3.3 The Duel As A Ceremony<br />
The idea of a duel having a somewhat ceremonial execution reads in the context of Arcite’s exclamation in line 1608/9 that recognizes Palamon as a worthy contender. Arcite, having been antagonized by Palamon, wants to slay him in an instant but retracts when he notices that his enemy holds no weapon. “And eek that thow no wepne hast in place, [t]hou sholdest nevere out of this grove pace,[…]” (1601-1602). What the reader can derive from this exclamation is that Arcite cherishes his and Palamon’s honor by drawing back his sword. What is more, by doing so, Arcite is aware of putting his honor as a “worthy knyght” (1608) at risk if he were to kill a defenseless knight. Instead, Arcite postpones the duel to the next day. </p>
<blockquote><p>Have heere my trouthe; tomorwe I wol nat faille,<br />
Withoute wityng of any oother wight,<br />
That heere I wool be founden as a knyght,<br />
And bryngen harneys right ynough for thee;</p></blockquote>
<p>What appears to belong to the standard ritual is the setting of a date for the duel, just as can be seen in the first line of the quote. A part from this, the overall appearance of the contenders must signal their status. Arcite’s statement, “[h]ere I wool be founden as a knyght”, substantiates this idea. He wants to look the part of someone that duels. Therefore, his accentuation of the word knight lets the reader know that he is aware of his right to indulge in a duel. Finally, the last line is somewhat peculiar in its content. As modern readers would probably expect rivals to show every lack of respect to one another, there is no sign of profanity when Arcite announces that he will bring Palamon enough weapons. In <em>Chaucer’s Knight</em>, Terry Jones states that “[t]he responsibility of equipping and arming had always rested with the knight himself.”  As a consequence, Arcite guarantees the equality and he respects Arcite as a valid contender, but at the same time he emasculates Palamon because it would be his duty, as a worthy knight, or say, a man as such, to gather his own armor. This evokes an image of a little boy who is dependent on a grown up. What is more, one can deduce that Arcite does not seem to think Palamon capable of gathering his own armor, as he does not ask Palamon if he agrees with his terms. </p>
<p>3.3 The Unapproved Duel Of Arcite And Palamon<br />
However, there are two main depictions which suggest that the duel between Arcite and Palamon is not a valid one. Firstly, there appears to be no escalation of violence endorsed by the contenders. The reader might expect the duel to commence gradually and resemble a sort of tournament, which then becomes more violent towards the end. Yet, the depiction of Arcite and Palamon’s duel is beastly from the beginning and with no prearranged rules as to the execution of the duel. Consider the sentences: </p>
<blockquote><p>“[U]p to the ancle foghte they in hir blood” (1660), and, “[t]hat foughten breme as it were bores two. The brighte swordes wenten to and fro, so hideously that with the leeste strook It seemed as it wolde felle an ook. “ (1699-1702).</p></blockquote>
<p>Arcite and Palomon are no longer depicted as men, but as wild boars, and the force with which they stab each other is compared to the strength it takes to cut an oak tree. As Jones points out, the imagery of wild beast is a recurrent theme in The Knight’s Tale.  Indeed, the way Arcite and Palamon’s duel is executed resembles a massacre. The considerable amount of violence, which appears to degrade the proper act of dueling, is not the main reason why Theseus is aghast when he sees the two men fight. The fact that the duel takes place unsupervised appears to be a disgrace.<br />
The next lines of the tale, which appear just after the ones discussed above, offer a valuable insight into the rules of dueling. It is the passage, where Arcite and Palamon perform a duel unobserved and are interrupted by Duke Theseus and his hunting party who coincidently happen to ride by the scene. The following quote is Theseus’ reaction to the goings on. </p>
<blockquote><p>“Hoo!<br />
Namore, up peyne of leysinge of youre heed!<br />
By myghty Mars, he shal anon be deed<br />
That smyteth any strook that I may seen.<br />
But telleth me what myster men ye been,<br />
 Withouten judge or oother officere,<br />
As it were in a lystes lystes roially.” </p></blockquote>
<p>Theseus is clearly appalled by the spectacle that is unfolding in front of him, which is why he aborts the duel immediately. In the sentence, “By myghty Mars, he shal anon be deed [t]hat smyteth any strook that I may seen.”, the Duke establishes his superiority over the two duelers. This sentence suggests that the duel should not have commenced without Theseus’ approval. It is safe to assume that the grounds on which Arcite and Palamon fight, belong to him. Therefore the duke perceives this as a slanderous act. What is more, Theseus is so offended that he wants to kill them. The third and last indication that Arcite and Palamon’s duel is violating the terms of the duel is given in the last two lines of Theseus’ exclamation. “Withouten judge or oother officere, [a]s it were in a lystes roially.” The content of the last two lines are historically accurate.  To be more precise, the performance of a duel had to be supervised by someone functioning as judge.<br />
According to the opening lines, 1706 to 1708 of Theseus’ exclamation and the depiction discussed above, that degrades the contenders to boars, the duel between Arcite and Palamon does not follow a certain etiquette. </p>
<p>3.4 The Duel As A Public Spectacle In <em>The Knight’s Tale</em><br />
In section 3.2, of this paper I have listed several reasons for dueling in the Middle Ages, of which I last mentioned the duel as entertainment of an audience. In this section, I discuss the duel in <em>The Knight’s Tale</em> as a means of public spectacle. It is noteworthy that the duel between Arcite and Palamon, which is conducted by exclusion of spectators, is early terminated by Theseus. The Duke, having been moved by the idea of battling over love, elevates the private duel to a public spectacle, which is to take place a year later. What is more, Arcite and Palamon each have to gather an army of one hundred knights, who are to join them in combat. By this agreement, the duel is elevated from a duel to a tournament.<br />
There is a certain historic untruthfulness in this depiction of a public battle. Terry Jones argues that personal animosity sometimes entered into such tournaments, but they were seen as a disgrace towards chivalry. Knights were supposed to take an oath that they would participate in tournaments for the sole purpose to exercise war and not to see it as an opportunity for personal revenge.  In <em>The Knight’s Tale</em>, the public battle would be a disgrace, as personal revenge is the reason for Arcite and Palamon to duel against each other and not to exercise war. Having this in mind, it seems absurd that Duke Theseus, being a worthy judge, would allow a public battle that does not serve the means of practice, and instead, violates “the true spirit of chivalry”. (178)<br />
     Apart from this, Theseus has a costly arena and several temples erected for the sole purpose of this spectacle. This is minutely described in the third part of <em>The Knight’s Tale</em>. I will not discuss this passage in further detail, as it would exceed the length of this paper. Instead, I want to focus on the idea that in the third part of the tale, the duel is no longer a concern between two men; it is the subject matter of Theseus’ play. In the opening lines of the third part of <em>The Knight’s Tale</em>, the following is mentioned.</p>
<blockquote><p>Of Theseus, that gooth so bisily<br />
To maken up lystes royally,<br />
That swich a noble theatre as it was<br />
I dar well seyen in this world it nas. </p></blockquote>
<p>Attention should be drawn to the third line of this quote, where “a noble theatre” is mentioned. The use of the word theatre evokes the idea that the duel is being adapted into a theater spectacle. The third part consists of minute depictions of the building of this theater and the temples, all of which are based on what might be a mixture of Greek and Roman architecture. The temples are dedicated to the Roman gods Venus, Mars, and Diana. Clearly, the Knight&#8217;s Tale is set in Ancient times, so the inclusion of an audience in a theater appears to be a natural setting and meets the overall perception of ancient Athens, the town in which this tale unfolds. To conclude, it appears that the early termination of Arcite and Palamon’s first duel makes way for the public battle in a more refined setting, which is the theater. It seems that the first setting (a field) on which the duel takes place is not worthy enough for this spectacle. </p>
<p><strong>4.Conclusion</strong><br />
The act of dueling consisted of several criteria. Firstly, there had to be a dispute which called for this act. In addition, terms for the execution of a duel had to be set in advance, and most importantly, the duelists had to be of the same rank, but not necessarily of royal heritage. I have argued that the duel between Arcite and Palamon is a violation of the code of dueling because it is conducted with the exclusion of a judge. Moreover, the interruption of Duke Theseus is interpreted as a means to tell the readers that this is not a proper duel. I have substantiated my position by offering historical background information which discusses this factor. Apart from this, Theseus postpones the duel of Arcite and Palamon and elevates it from a simple duel to a battle. What is more, the costly production of the theater, which Theseus has erected for the public battle, is a means of amusement and seems to serve the purpose of judging a duel. Therefore, I have argued that Theseus production does not serve the true spirit of chivalry. The public battle in <em>The Knight’s Tale</em> is a theater spectacle. </p>
<p>5.Works Cited</p>
<p>Bloch, Marc. Feudal Society. London: Routledge, 1965, i. 125-126. In Kiernan, Victor Gordon. The Duel In European History. Oxford: University Press, 1988, 32.<br />
Chaucer, Geoffrey. “The Knight’s Tale”. The Riverside Chaucer. Ed. Larry D. Benson. 3rd edition. Oxford: University Press, 1988.<br />
Jones, Terry. Chaucer’s Knight. The Portrait Of Medieval Mercenary. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1980.<br />
Kiernan, Victor, Gordon. The Duel In European History. Oxford: University Press, 1988.<br />
Schild, Wolfgang. „Zweikampf“. Lexikon des Mittelalters. Bd. IX. Stuttgart; Weimar: J. B. Metzler, 1977-1999.</p>
<p>6. Appendix</p>
<p>Lexikon des Mittelalters. Original text:<br />
Rache, Streben nach Herrschaft, Beute oder Anerkennung, zur Entscheidung einer Schlacht […] oder eines (Rechts-) Streites oder zur Unterhaltung von Zuschauern. (723).</p>
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		<title>Thesen über die Skizzenbücher  Jacopo Bellinis-Ein Literaturbericht</title>
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		<description><![CDATA[1. Vorwort In diesem Literaturbericht über Jacopo Bellinis berühmte Skizzenbücher werden Thesen verschiedener Kunsthistoriker aufgegriffen, welche sich mit Fragestellungen zur Materialität, Datierung, Reihenfolge und Stilistik der Skizzen auseinandersetzen. Hauptsächlich wird Albert J. Elen erwähnt, der unter anderem eine These über Bellinis Gebrauch von Papier und Pergament geschrieben hat. Ein weiterer Forscher ist der russische Prinz, [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>1. Vorwort<br />
In diesem Literaturbericht über Jacopo Bellinis berühmte Skizzenbücher werden Thesen verschiedener Kunsthistoriker aufgegriffen, welche sich mit Fragestellungen zur Materialität, Datierung, Reihenfolge und Stilistik der Skizzen auseinandersetzen. Hauptsächlich wird Albert J. Elen erwähnt, der unter anderem eine These über Bellinis Gebrauch von Papier und Pergament geschrieben hat. Ein weiterer Forscher ist der russische Prinz, Dr. Victor Golubew; er stellt die Datierung der Skizzen in Frage, welche mit Colin Eislers Thesen ergänzt werden. Aber auch Anschauungen von Degenhart und Schmitt, sowie Bamberg und Röthlisberger werden in diesem Literaturbericht zum Tragen kommen.</p>
<p>2. Die Debatte über den Gebrauch von Papier und Pergament<br />
Albert J.Elen  ergründet, weshalb Jacopo Bellini (c. 1400-c.1470) für sein Pariser Skizzenbuch Pergament und für das Londoner Skizzenbuch Papier verwendet hat. Diese strikt gehaltene Trennung der Materialien veranlasst Elen eine These aufzustellen, die besagt, dass Bellini aus experimentellen Gründen gehandelt hat.<br />
Der essentielle Unterschied zwischen dem Londoner und dem Pariser Skizzenbuch ist die getrennte Materialienbenutzung von Paper und Pergament, wovon Pergament das teurere Material von beiden war. Es gibt verschiedene Faktoren weshalb die Wahl auf den einen oder anderen Träger fallen sollte. Elen weist auf die marktwirtschaftlichen Gründe hin: Die Preise für Pergament richteten sich nach den Schwankungen des Tiermarktes. Papier war ebenfalls sehr teuer und wurde erst Ende des fünfzehnten Jahrhunderts billiger, als mehr davon produziert wurde. Pergament wurde jedoch wegen seiner Haltbarkeit bevorzugt. Als Anfang des fünfzehnten Jahrhunderts das Skizzenbuch das Musterbuch ersetzte, wurde die Haltbarkeit des Trägers weniger gewichtet, denn das Skizzenbuch war für informelle und experimentelle Zeichnungen für Künstler und für die Werkstatt gedacht,  weshalb der Gebrauch von Pergament für Skizzen weniger üblich war. Elen geht davon aus, dass Bellini die getrennte Verwendung von Pergament und Papier aus ökonomischen, wie auch aus experimentellen Gründen vorgenommen hat. Zum Experimentellen ist zu erwähnen, dass Bellini die Farbe und Struktur des Trägers, sowie seine Dauerhaftigkeit und was dieser für Auswirkungen auf die Zeichnung hatte, prüfen wollte.<br />
Carmen C. Bamach  hingegen stützt sich auf Bernhard Degenhart und Annegrit Schmitt , und schreibt, dass Bellini die Pergamentbögen wiederverwendet hat, was Elens These etwas abschwächt: In ihrem Buch, Drawing And Painting In The Italian Renaissance Workshop , ist zu lesen, dass es in Norditalien beliebte Motive gab, die in verschiedenen Musterbüchern einzusehen seien. Die Rede ist von Zeichenvorlagen für Musterbücher die Tierdarstellungen, vor allem gejagte Tiere, sowie nauralistisch und phantastische Blumenmotive zeigten. Bambach erwähnt hierfür Pergamentblätter aus einem Musterbuch, welches Bellini für seine Skizzenbücher wiederverwendet haben sollte.  Bambachs Aussage schwächt Elens These folgendermassen ab: Hat Bellini wirklich mit seinen beiden Skizzenbüchern das Experimentieren mit Pergament und Papier im Sinn gehabt, wäre es unlogisch und kontraproduktiv, dass er hierfür bereits gebrauchtes Pergament verwendet haben sollte. Ginge es Bellini darum zu sehen, wie sich seine Zeichnungen auf Pergament und Papier unterscheiden, darf angenommen werden, dass der Zeichenstrich auf blankem Pergament anders aussieht als auf gebrauchtem.<br />
3. Anschauungen über die Stilistik der Skizzenbücher<br />
Colin Eisler (*1931) besinnt sich der Anmerkungen, welche Victor Golubew  geschrieben hat. Darin vergleicht er das Louvre Skizzenbuch mit den minutiösen Pergamentwerken der Skriptoren des Mittelalters, die für Könige und Adlige hergestellt wurden.  Laut Eisler macht es den Anschein, als ob Bellini in seinem Pariser Skizzenbuch für eine Patronage gezeichnet hat, denn die ritterlichen Themen, die darin oft vorkommen, hätten genau ihren Geschmack getroffen. Eisler sieht dies als Grund dafür, dass das Louvre Skizzenbuch gewissermassen festlicher wirkt als das Londoner Skizzenbuch. Das Londoner Skizzenbuch hingegen wirke in seinen Ausführungen viel moderner und habe die heroische Phase des frühen Renaissance Stils durchbrochen. Dies zeige sich vor allem in komplexen Verkürzungen und perspektivischen Konstruktionen. Der Zeichenstil auf der linken Seite des Londoner Buches wirke spontaner und weitreichender als derjenige auf den rechten Seiten. Es wird deswegen spekuliert, dass die linken Seiten erst nachträglich gezeichnet wurden, wie Marcel Röthlisberger  annimmt.  Diese Frage ist jedoch bis heute noch nicht geklärt. Eisler allerdings hält die These von Röthlisberger für plausibel. Dennoch offeriert er eine Gegenthese, die besagt, dass die progressivsten verso Seiten von seinem talentiertesten Sohn Giovanni gezeichnet wurden und die flächigeren Zeichnungen von seinem anderen Sohn Gentile oder von Werkstattlehrlingen durchgeführt wurden.<br />
	Eine These die Golubew in seinen Vormerkungen zu Die Skizzenbücher Jacopo Bellinis  aufstellt, soll an dieser Stelle erwähnt werden: Golubew weist darauf hin, dass im Pariser Skizzenbuch, mit Ausnahme einer einzelnen Skizze , alle Zeichnungen über bereits bestehende Zeichnungen mit Farbe und zum Teil neuen Skizzen überarbeitet wurden. Bei den überzeichneten Darstellungen handele es sich um Zeichnungen, die orientalisch geprägte Stoffmuster zeigen. Solche Stoffmuster seien im späten Mittlelalter in Mode gewesen und wurden in verschiedenen italienischen Städten gewebt oder gestrickt. Golubew fügt hinzu, dass diese Ornamente in den neuen Zeichnungen durchschimmern würden. Ob diese Muster für Aufträge für Stoffweber und Kunststricker oder für Bellinis Eigengebrauch gedacht waren, kann Golubew nicht sagen.<br />
	Der Gedanke, dass diese noch sichtbaren Ormanente das Pariser Skizzenbuch gewissermassen aufwerten, scheint an eine interessante These anzuknüpfen: Eisler behauptet in seiner These, dass das Pariser und das Londoner Skizzenbuch zeitgleiche, aber verschiedene Renaissance Themen aufgreifen. Dies würde demnach bedeuten, wenn man Golubews These miteinbezieht, dass das Pariser Skizzenbuch gleich zwei Themen behandelt: Einerseits das Thema Zeichnung und andererseits das Thema Ornamente in Musterbüchern. Demnach wäre das Pariser Skizzenbuch eine wichtige Quelle für diesen Teil der Forschung, da die Stoffmuster über die Vorlieben der Renaissance Kundschaft sozusagen Auskunft geben.<br />
4. Datierung und Chronologie<br />
Victor Golubew schreibt im Vorwort zu Die Skizzenbücher Jacopo Bellinis. , über eine alte Eintragung auf dem ersten Blatt die besagt, dass die Zeichnungen von Jacopo Bellini stammen. Jedoch verweist er darauf, dass die Datierung der Zeichnungen nicht korrekt ist. Es sei zwar die Jahrzahl 1430 vermerkt, doch der Zeichenstil würde aber vielmehr dem Jahre 1445 entsprechen, denn die Zeichnungen weisen Beziehungen zu Paduaner und Ferrareser Kunstwerken der vierziger Jahre auf. Des weiteren seien die festlichen Sujets mancher Blätter eine Anspielung auf den Hof Lionellos. Als endgültiges Indiz einer falschen Datierung sieht Golubew das Wasserzeichen auf dem Papier, welches als solches erst 1441 erscheint.<br />
Colin Eisler schreibt in seiner Monographie, The Genius Of Jacopo Bellini , dass die Variation der beiden Skizzenbücher nicht unbedingt auf eine unterschiedliche Datierung zurückzuführen ist, sondern dass jedes Buch separat verschiedene Aspekte der Renaissance aufgreift. Die älter wirkenden Zeichnungen im Pariser Skizzenbuch sind laut Eisler kein Anzeichen dafür, dass das Werk älter ist als das Londoner Skizzenbuch. Es sei vielmehr auf eine Art aristokratische Nostalgie für historische Themen zurückzuführen, was in der Kunst typisch war.<br />
Albert J. Elen schreibt über seine schon vorhergehenden Annahmen, welche besagen, dass die Recto-Zeichnungen zuerst enstanden sind und die Verso-Zeichnungen erst später als Ergänzung zum Thema der Recto-Zeichnung angefertigt worden sind.   Elen geht davon aus, dass Bellini die grossen Bögen einzeln aufbewahrt und diese erst nach Vollendung zu einem Buch gebunden hat. Elen begründet diese These damit, dass ein steter Transport des grossen Skizzenbuches sehr umständlich gewesen sein müsste und dass die Blätter viel schneller beschädigt worden wären. Zudem bezieht sich Elen auf die Technik der mittelalterlichen Scriptoria, in der auch die Schreiber zuerst auf einzelne Blätter geschrieben haben und diese erst später zu einem Band gebunden wurden. Die Blätter wurden unten mit einer Zahl vermerkt, was dem Buchbinder die Arbeit erleichtern sollte. Elen sieht keinen plausiblen Grund dafür, dass Künstler im Mittelalter und der Frührenaissance eine andere Technik hätten anwenden sollen. Dennoch vermerkt er, dass in keinem der Skizzenbücher Markierungen erscheinen, welche die Reihenfolge der Zeichnungen angeben und dass man deshalb davon ausgehen kann, dass die Zeichnungen nicht chronologisch zusammengebunden wurden.<br />
	Die Argumente, die Elen hervorbringt, scheinen zumindest aus heutiger Sicht plausibel: Ein bereits gebundenes Buch wäre für Bellinis Gebrauchszwecke eine umständliche Lösung gewesen, zumal der Einsatz von Gegenständen wie Zirkel und Lineal eine ebene Fläche voraussetzt. Ein aufgeschlagenes Buch, welches bekanntlich zwei aufeinanderstossende Papierwölbungen in der Mitte aufweist, würde das Lineal gegen die Buchmitte erhöhen, was ein exaktes Arbeiten hemmt.<br />
Die zweite Argumentation von Elen scheint ebenso einleuchtend, auch wenn er seine These mit keinen weiteren Erläuterungen bekräftigt: Dass es im Mittelalter und in der Frührenaissance üblich war, lose Blätter erst nachträglich zu einem Kodex zu binden, kann man sicher als Tatsache hinnehmen. Wenn man ausserdem bedenkt, dass Bellini exakt gearbeitet hat, kann man sich nur schwer vorstellen, dass er es riskiert hätte einen Fehler in einem bereits gebundenen Buch zu machen.<br />
Golubew schreibt über das Pariser Skizzenbuch, dass im fünfzehnten oder Anfang des sechzehnten Jahrhunderts auf der Folie 93r  ein sogenanntes Indice, ein Verzeichnis der Skizzen, aufgezeigt hätte. Die Numerierung der Skizzen würde zwar mit dem Indice übereinstimmen, jedoch wäre der jetzige Bestand des Skizzenbuches anders geordnet als im Indice vermerkt. Golubew schreibt ausserdem, dass einige Blätter fehlten und andere nachträglich hinzugefügt wurden oder die Reihenfolge der Studien verändert worden sei.<br />
5. Schlusswort<br />
Abschliessend ist zu bemerken, dass Themen wie Datierung und Chronologie der Skizzenbücher in der Bellini Forschung äusserst wichtig zu sein scheinen. Es stellt sich jedoch die Frage, warum gerade diese Themen so wichtig sind. Es macht den Anschein als würde das Aufgreifen dieses Kapitels auch in Zukunft nicht verstummen. Doch, warum ist dieses Thema so wichtig? Was macht man, wenn das Geheimnis um die Datierung und Chronologie gelüftet ist? Gibt es einen Teil der Forschung, der darauf angewiesen ist, diese exakten Daten zu wissen? Beim Lesen der diversen Thesen fällt auf, dass Kunsthistoriker darauf bedacht sind, ihre Argumentation zu verteidigen. Dennoch wird generell nicht erwähnt, welchen Nutzen man sich von den als wahr herausgestellten Thesen erhofft und wie man diese in weitere Forschungen umsetzen könnte. Es ist eher unklar welchen Zweck eine genaue Datierung oder eine genaue Reihenfolge der Bellini Skizzenbücher erfüllt. Dieser Frage müsste mehr Wert beigemessen werden.<br />
6. Literaturverzeichnis<br />
Bambach 1999<br />
Bambach, Carmen C., Drawing And Painting In The Italian Renaissance<br />
Workshop. Theory And Practice 1300-1600. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.<br />
Degenhart, Schmitt 1990<br />
Degenhart, Bernhard, Annegrit Schmitt. Corpus der italienischen Zeichnungen 1300-1450. Teil II: Venedig: Jacopo Bellini. Berlin, 1990, in: Bambach 1999, S. 143.<br />
Eisler 1989<br />
Eisler, Colin T., The Genious Of Jacopo Bellini. The Complete Paintings And     Drawings. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Incorporated, 1898.<br />
Elen 1995<br />
Elen, Albert J., Italian Late-Medieaval And Renaissance Drawing Books From Giovannino de’ Grassi To Palma Giovane. A Codicological Approach. Proefschrift. Leiden, 1995.<br />
Golubew 1908/12<br />
Golubew, Victor, Les dessins de Jacopo Bellini au Louvre et au British Museum, 2 vols., Brussels, 1908/12.,  in: Elen 1995, S.433.<br />
Golubew 1908/12 (hrsg.)<br />
Golubew, Victor, Die Skizzenbücher Jacopo Bellinis. I (Londoner Skizzenbuch), und II (Pariser Skizzenbuch), Brüssel: Van Oest und Co. 1908/12.<br />
Röthlisberger 1958-59<br />
Röthlisberger, Marcel, „Nuovi Aspetti dei Disegni di Jacopo Bellini“, in: Critica d’arte, 13/14, 1958-59, 41-89, in: Eisler 1989.<br />
7. Angaben zu den Skizzenbüchern<br />
Bellini a. 1430[?]1445[?]<br />
	Bellini, Jacopo: Das Pariser Skizzenbuch. Musée du Louvre, Paris, France.<br />
Bellini b.1430[?]1445[?]<br />
Das Londoner Skizzenbuch. British Museum, London, UK.</p>
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